Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. Then we stay healthy [Female, Study Community # 4]. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. Traditional health care delivery in contemporary Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2006;20(2):12734. Permission to conduct the participant observation in the communities was provided by the heads of the health facilities. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Qualitative content analysis was used. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). American journal of public health. MeSH Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Google Scholar. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. 2015;29(2):12736. In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Creswell JW. 2003;9(6):649. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. Keywords. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Constructing evidence within the qualitative project. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Google Scholar. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Krapf L. Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern Africa. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. 125"128. Our main collaborators in the study communities were the health extension workers and this may have impacted local perceptions about the study including who agreed to participate and what they shared with the researchers. Most of the participants were married. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Glory Bassey. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. We will also share examples on. BMC Public Health The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. Germ theory of disease was proposed by Louis Pasteur. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. Accessibility In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. . Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further Ann N Y Acad Sci. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. J Hum Lact. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. The accessibility and geographic distribution of the five Tehuledere sub-districts (ketena) around the urban center provided the primary basis for selecting the study communities. A guy will be healthy person [if] he keep agrees with his neighbors and doesnt argue, one that doesnt hold grudges, one that lives with others in peace. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) Social change theory was used in this paper. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease. State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. hbbd```b`` (0 (d9 lz`&&$ D&2$#dB@@lHDIe7sL@o30"? Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. A. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. Ethiop J Health Dev. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. New York: Wiley; 1978. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. and Diagnosis 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. Published 1 October 1921. Germs cause disease. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. According to the Tehuledere Woreda Information Office (TWIO), the Woreda covers an area of 45,800 ha with a population of 152,107. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. Wilson. Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). The dominant frameworks argue that culture is a set of values, beliefs, and actions that are learned through interactions with others. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. Ali A. Ideas about illness causation may include such ideas as breach of taboo, soul loss, germs, upset in the hot-cold balance of the body, or a weakening of the body's immune system. 2005;60:691700. For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. The narratives of health among Tehuledere communities include three major themes that explained causes of ill-health: (i) supernatural (ii) natural elements or physical causes: (iii) social elements such as mistrust, social support/family dynamics as well as violation of taboos and moral injunctions. Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. In the mid-19th . This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in WHO. California Privacy Statement, FOIA Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. 4th ed. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. J Genet Couns. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Waddel A, Petersen AR. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . and transmitted securely. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. 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cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria